What protocol suite enables reliable communication over IP networks and fragmentation handling?

• A. TCP/IP
• B. FTP
• C. HTTP
• D. DNS

Answer: (A)

Reliable data transfer over IP networks is provided by having a transport layer that guarantees delivery, order, and integrity, built on top of the IP layer that handles addressing and can fragment large packets. TCP offers these guarantees—error checking, sequencing, and flow control—so data sent with TCP arrives intact and in the correct order. IP takes care of breaking large datagrams into smaller pieces to fit the network’s maximum transmission unit and later reassembles them. When you combine TCP with IP, you get the TCP/IP suite, which supports reliable communication and manages fragmentation across networks. The other options are application-layer protocols that rely on the transport layer within TCP/IP, but they don’t themselves provide the reliability and fragmentation handling across IP networks.